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Scientists at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) and theWeizmann Institute of Science, Israel have discovered the process through which memories are made and then recalled. These scientists have recorded that How individual brain cells calls up a memory?, thus revealing where in the brain a specific memory is stored and how thebrain is able to recreate it.
Dr. ITZHAK FRIED
Dr. Itzhak Fried, Senior Study Suthor and a UCLA Professor of Neurosurgery with his colleagues recorded the activity of hundreds of individual neurons making memories in the brains of 13 epilepsy patients being treated surgically at UCLA Medical Center. Their research detail has been reported in current online edition of the Journal Science.
EXPERIMENT
Surgeons at UCLA Medical Center placed electrodes in the patients' brains to locate the origin of their seizures before surgical treatment which is a standard procedure in such cases.Dr. Fried used same electrodes to record the neuron activity as memories were being formed.
During the experiment patients were shown several video clips of short duration, including such things as landmarks and people, along with other clips of Jerry Seinfeld, Tom Cruise, "Simpsons" character Homer Simpson and others. As the patients watched these clips, researchers recorded the activity of many neurons in the Hippocampus and a nearby region known the Entorhinal Cortex that responded strongly to individual clips.
Few minutes after watching these clips, the patients were asked to recall whatever clips came to mind. During this recalling process these patients were not prompted to recall any specific clips," but to use "free recall' which means, whatever popped into their heads.
At this point researchers found that the same neurons that had responded earlier to a specific clip fired strongly a second or two before the subject reported recalling that clip. These neurons did not fire, however,when other clips were recalled. By observing this researchers found that which clip a patient was recalling before the patient announced it.
During this experiment Dr. Fried noted that the single neurons that were recorded as they fired were not acting alone but were part of a much larger memory circuit of hundreds of thousands of cells caught in the act of responding to the clips.
SIGNIFICANCE
This research is significant in the fact that it confirms for the first time that spontaneous memories arise through the activity of the very same neurons that fired when the memory was first being made. This link between reactivation of neurons in the Hippocampus and conscious recall of past experience has been suspected and theorized for sometime, but the study now provides direct evidence for this.
So we can say that, Reliving past experience in our memory is the resurrection of neuronal activity from the past.
FUNDING
The research was funded by the U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, as well as the Israel Science Foundation and the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation.ed and how the
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Scientist at STANFORD have developed an Artificial Intelligence System that enables Robotic Helicopters to teach themselves to fly difficult stunts by watching other helicopters perform the same maneuvers. It can result in development of autonomous helicopter than can perform a complete airshow of complex stunts on its own.
THE TEAM
This project is directed under Professor Andrew Ng who directed the research of their graduate students- Pieter Abbeel, Adam Coates, Timothy Hunter and Morgan Quigley. The stunts performed by such intelligent helicopters are far more difficult then any other computer controlled helicopters. They have developed various learning algorithms for these Helicopters which helps them to learn by themselves by just observing other expert helicopters.
EXPERIMENT
The experiment was is an important demonstration of Apprenticeship Learning in which robots learn by observing an expert. Stanford's artificial intelligence system learned how to fly by "watching" the four-foot-long helicopters flown by expert radio control pilot Garett Oku.
This advanced helicopter can learn and perform actions such as traveling flips, rolls, loops with pirouettes, stall-turns with pirouettes, a knife-edge, an Immelmann, a slapper, an inverted tail slide and a hurricane, described as a "fast backward funnel."
IMPORTANCE
Previous autonomous helicopters were able to fly stunts by simply replaying the exact finger movements of an expert pilot using the joy sticks on the helicopter's remote controller. But the major problem was that uncontrollable variables such as gusting winds due to which this is not very advance. To solve this problem, the researchers had Oku and other pilots fly entire airshow routines and every movement of the helicopter was recorded.
As Oku repeated a maneuver several times, the trajectory of the helicopter inevitably varied slightly with each flight. At this point, the learning algorithms created by Ng's team were able to discern the ideal trajectory the pilot was seeking. Thus the autonomous helicopter learned to fly the routine better and more consistently.
ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEM
This advanced and intelligent contains some instrumentation mounted on the helicopter and some on the ground. These instrumentations monitor the position, direction, orientation, velocity, acceleration and spin of the helicopter in several dimensions. A ground-based computer crunches the data, makes quick calculations and beams new flight directions to the helicopter via radio 20 times per second. Some of the important instruments it uses areAccelerometers, Gyroscopes and Magnetometers.
These advance intelligent helicopters are a new generation of very robust, very reliable helicopter which can fly just as their human counterparts.
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Ever since Sanjit Biswas, founder and CEO of Wi-Fi gear maker Meraki shared with me his vision that we are only going to see more Wi-Fi enabled devices in the home, I’ve been wondering how it translates into opportunities, especially for startups. Among these opportunities could be a very simple cloud-based services for novices to manage and better utilize their home networks. With new developments in networking technology, it’s not that hard to imagine such a service, which would act like a butler for your in-home networking needs. There are obvious opportunities stemming from Wi-Fi Direct and Apple’s Airplay technologies, but how does one look beyond point solutions and hardware products to find the larger opportunity? The answer came to me during a conversation with Urs Hoelzle, Google’s SVP of engineering at Google. We were discussing the formation of the Open Networking Foundation and how it was going to help take the radical new technology, Open Flow, from academia to the commercial markets. Open Flow is like the BIOS inside a PC and makes networking gear more programmable. It helps network elements adapt more to the needs of end users who, at present ,are stuck in a one-size-fits-all-world. With Open Flow ,the networking is separated from the device itself and taken to the cloud. During our conversation, I asked Hoelzle if we could see Open Flow in our home networking gear and Wi-Fi devices. While he didn’t think that would happen in the near future, it was very likely to happen at some point. Nick McKeown, a professor at Stanford University and one of the key forces behind the Open Flow movement, believes Open Flow could one day become the underpinning of cloud-based home networking. McKeown pointed out that enterprise wireless hardware providers are already using software-defined networking and have created cloud-based networking tools to better manage the corporate networks. Meraki, for instance, might build great hardware, but in the end, it’s web-based management of devices and the network is what
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Remember the sale of the century, or was it the sale of the millennium? Back in 2000 the 3G auction raised £22.5 billion for the Treasury and set the framework for mobile phone services in Britain for the next decade. Today Ofcom has fired the starting gun for an even bigger sale of mobile spectrum which it believes could prove even more significant. But the mobile operators are hoping that it will turn out rather cheaper for them than the 3G sale. The regulator is calling this the 4G auction, and despite the cries of purists who insist that is just a marketing term to cover an ill-defined collection of new mobile technologies, that is the name that will stick. So let's try to answer a few questions about 4G. What is spectrum? Spectrum refers to the airwaves over which all wireless communication - radio, television, mobile voice and data - takes place. Ofcom says spectrum is a fundamental commodity which is of increasing value over time. What is 4G and why do we need it? 4G refers to the next generation of mobile networks, which promise faster speeds, in particular for data. Ofcom says there has been an explosion in the use of mobile broadband in the UK since the arrival of smartphones. It's expecting mobile data flows to continue to soar, as tablet computer sales take off and smartphones become mass market devices.
What's up for sale? The sale, which Ofcom hopes will happen early next year, will involve two blocks of spectrum which should fulfil two purposes - making mobile internet coverage both wider and faster. The first block, the higher frequency 2.6gGHz band, should make all those smartphone users who are trying to watch video or play games online just a bit happier. It's suited to providing large amounts of capacity over a compact area, so should help ease the congestion on city centre networks. The second block, the 800MHz band, is currently used for analogue television and becomes available next year once the digital switchover is complete. It is suitable for bringing mobile data services over wide areas, so it could mean that people in rural areas will find mobile broadband a better option than the fixed line variety.
Who will win? The auction will determine the future of the UK's four remaining mobile operators - Vodafone, O2, Three, and Everything Everywhere, the amusing name for the merged Orange and T-Mobile networks. For Three in particular it's a matter of life and death - the company feels bruised by a recent Ofcom ruling which saw other networks allowed to use their old 2G spectrum for 3G services. So what happens next is probably a huge row - various operators have already held up the process for years with legal action. The plan set out by Ofcom today is designed to ensure that all four operators end up with enough spectrum to compete nationally. That makes it less likely that Three will object - but there's every possibility that another operator will hold up the auction by challenging the rules in court. How much will the auction raise? This sale involves 80% more spectrum than the 3G auction, so if the operators bid with the same eagerness shown for 3G licences back in 2000, then you might expect as much as £40 billion to end up in the Treasury's coffers. But nobody thinks that will happen. The operators claim that the huge sums they paid in 2000 had a disastrous effect on their subsequent investment in 3G networks. It's true that the promise of the mobile internet, touted during the 3G auction, did not arrive until around seven years later. Ofcom thinks that was more probably due to the fact that the auction took place at the height of the dot com bubble. The regulator won't say how much it expects the 4G licences to fetch. But a similar auction in Germany raised something like £4bn. Is the UK falling behind? Yes, if we're comparing the UK with Germany, the USA and Sweden, which have already started
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It's a big day for gadget launches in the UK, with both the iPad 2 and the Nintendo 3DS arriving in stores. One is a new games console, the other a multi-purpose device which offers games and much more. But which will rack up the biggest sales and which will do more to change the video games industry? It's the new iPad which is creating all the buzz but, amongst young gamers, it's the Nintendo device which is the focus of more excitement. Which is interesting because we keep hearing about the death of the console, as gaming goes casual and moves onto a whole host of different devices. From Farmville on Facebook, to any number of games apps on smartphones and on the iPad - gaming has undergone a revolution in the last couple of years. I've noticed this trend in my own home. My 12-year-old son Rufus asked for my credit card the other day to pay for a game called Minecraft. This, like a number of other games he has found recently in the limited time allowed for gaming by his very strict parents, is played on a PC. And what with Maple Story and Grand Fantasia on a computer, Plants v Zombies on the family iPad, and Angry Birds when he grabs my phone, he seems to have little time left to play on a console. But now Nintendo claims that the 3DS will breathe new life into handheld gaming on a specialist device. With millions of children already familiar with the DS experience, there's a big potential audience for the new model, which boasts a 3D camera and promises games and movies in three dimensions, all without using glasses. As someone who has both poor eyesight and a profound ignorance of game play, I decided I was not in the best position to test the 3DS. So I contracted the job out to Rufus - he was told that he would get a couple of days to play with the console, and would then have to hand it back after completing his homework. Here's his review: "The 3DS is a marvel. It's one of the first pieces of technology in history to show 3D without glasses. It's bright and brilliant, and although it doesn't have any games currently (mostly), it has a Mii maker, an online Mii game, a bunch of Augmented Reality games and a game called Face Raiders, which all make use of the 3D and the motion sensors. "But, know it for a fact, the 3D can damage your eyes if you play it to an extent. Tone it down every once in a while. 9.5/10." A couple of footnotes - a Mii is a player's avatar, as used on a Wii console. And when he wrote about the 3DS not having any games currently, that was before I gave him Nintendogs to try out. Anyway, if my son and his friends are anything to go by, the 3DS will be a big hit and parents can expect plenty of pestering. Apple's iPad 2 - which costs at least twice as much - may struggle to match Nintendo's sales numbers, but will probably earn more, both for Apple and perhaps for games developers too. All sorts of industries - newspapers, television and education have invested an awful lot of hope in Apple's tablet as the platform for a digital profitable future. But it's games makers who seem to have done best from the first generation of the iPad. The chart of best-sellers in the Apple app store is full of games, from Angry Birds, to Shrek Kart HD to Real Golf 2011. Now Apple is hoping that the new version, with its gyroscope to make action games that bit more engrossing, will make further inroads into the market. I had a quick demo of one first person shooter game, and was impressed by the way the landscape moved around me. But Nintendo, for one, is determined to prove that there is still plenty of room for a dedicated games device. Apple may be changing plenty of industries but it's too early to write the obituary of the games console.
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Takeaway: So you’re thinking about leaving IT — but you’re not sure what to do instead. Here are a few alternative fields where you might be able to use your talents in more satisfying ways. I recently wrote an article that caused a bit of a stir. That article, 10 reasons for quitting IT, brought to my inbox an onslaught of email agreeing with my reasons and/or asking for advice on where to turn. After giving it some thought, I decided I would take a stab at a follow-up article to try to address the question "What should I do instead?” Here are a few possible alternative career choices for admins and consultants wanting to get out of IT. Some of these ideas might make perfect sense, whereas others might make you say, "Huh?” Either way, look at them as suggestions that are related to your current field — which you may or may not have already thought about. The relation to IT might be a bit of a stretch in some cases, but for others it will be quite obvious.
1: Auto repairThis might sound a bit crazy, but modern vehicles more and more depend upon computers. In fact, without the computer at its core, the modern vehicle wouldn’t be able to accomplish half of what it does. From emission control to hybrid power to brake control, automobiles depend upon computers. These computers are nothing more than embedded systems that depend upon another computer to troubleshoot, diagnose, and repair them. And since most IT admins and consultants love the thrill of fixing things, becoming an automobile technician makes perfect sense. Granted, you will need to get the proper training to make this leap.
2: TeachingThe educational system does not have enough good teachers willing to go the extra mile to help future IT pros understand the career they are about to embark on. Does that mean you should step into education so you can beat it into your students’ heads that they will suffer immeasurable frustration during their career as a consultant or administrator? No. It does mean, however, that you can prepare them for the challenging road that lies ahead. And many of you will certainly understand how much difference it would have made in your lives if someone had helped prepare you for the challenges you have faced.3: Working for a smaller companyIf you’re unwilling to completely leave the field of IT, you could step down from that fortune 500 position and join a much smaller company. Having a much smaller network to deal with, few computers, and users who don’t have that same attitude toward you will remove a world of suffering from your shoulders. You could even step into the not-for-profit world and really feel wanted and loved. Although the NFP field has its own set of headaches, they aren’t nearly as intense as they can be in the upper echelons of capitalism.
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TOEFL, or Test of English as a Foreign Language, is an exam that was created to evaluate a person’s ability to effectively communicate in the English language. This form of testing is currently used by approximately 6,000 academic institutions in over 100 countries as a way to determine if you are able to understand English well enough to take instruction in it. This is a necessary test to pass if you wish to study abroad in an English speaking country. If you are uncertain about your English language skills or you just want to give you existing skills a boost then TOEFL online language training is a great way to boost your confidence.
TOEFL online language training is a preparation service that pairs you with a native English speaking teacher who will evaluate your current level of proficiency and suggest areas for improvement. They will then work with you extensive to help you build strength in those areas that you are week. Usually, they will give you sample test questions that can be found on the TOEFL exam and then evaluate your answers to see how well you did with making comparison, expressing an opinion, summarizing, putting forth an explanation, speculating, analyzing and other verbal skills you need to effectively learn and participate in an English teaching environment.
Since you will be working with a native English speaking teacher, they will be able to help you with your word choice, intonation, and sentence construction which will help boost your speaking confidence. A good TOEFL online language training program will provide you with detailed feedback as well as suggest additional material you can study to improve your skills. This tailoring of your training program ensures you get only the instruction you need to help you pass the test and become a better speaker rather than force you to redo areas where you are already proficient.
Taking TOEFL online language training is the perfect complement to an existing English learning program. Because the training occurs online, you can do the work anytime it is convenient for you to do so. Therefore, if you are already bogged down with a full class schedule, you can work on your online training in the comfort of your home whenever you get a free minute. You are not tied to a class schedule and you won’t need to go out of your way to an instruction facility. Enhance your English speaking skills and get the confidence you need to pass the TOEFL with an online training course.
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TOEFL – Test Of English as a Foreign Language, has been formulated by the US based ETS, to test a candidate's proficiency in English, so as to enable application to a university in an English speaking nation. The TOEFL is compulsory to apply to a university, but it does not guarantee admission, which is based on other equally important factors.
The TOEFL score is accepted by more than 2000 universities in more than 130 countries worldwide. Anyone is eligible to appear for the test. It has two formats – Internet Based Test (iBT) and Paper Based Test (PBT). The test can be taken anytime during the year. It is the most flexible test regarding when it can be given, how often it can be taken, and where.
Registration for TOEFL is open 24x7, but you should try getting registered at least three months prior to the preferred test date as seats get filled up. The registration closes officially three business days before the test. In case you wish to reschedule or cancel the test, it has to be done three business days in advance. Online registration is the best option, though you can also register on phone, by mail or fax.
The TOEFL paper is made up of four segments - Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing. The total time taken for the test is roughly four and a half hours. You cannot skip a question in the iBT format as the next question will appear only when the previous has been answered. There are different sets and difficulty levels of the exam. When you have answered a question, the next question will be on the basis of the level of difficulty of that question and your ability to handle difficult questions. Thus different candidates attempt different questions based on their proficiency level.
The Reading Section is a 60-100 minute long section. It has between 36-70 questions, which include 3-5 passages from academic texts that are approximately 200 words long each. Each passage will have 12-14 questions. The score for this section ranges from 0-30.
The Listening Section is 60-9- minute long, with 34-51 questions. It comprises of two parts. The first part comprises of 4-6 lectures each of 3-5 minutes, with 6 questions each. Some of these lectures may be classroom discussions. The second part consists of 2-3 conversations, each around 3 minutes long, and having 5 questions each. This segment has a score range of 0-30.
Speaking Section, which is a 20 minute segment, includes 6 tasks. Two tasks will ask you to express your opinion on a familiar topic. The rest four tasks are based on what has been read and listened to. The score is between 0-4, which is later brought to scale.
Writing Section having 2 tasks, is a 50 minute section. The first task is to write an essay on what has been read and listened to; the second is to write in support of an opinion on a given topic. Score range is 0-5, brought to scale later on.
The total score of TOEFL is out of 120. You will be sent four scores – the total score, the score of Listening Section, score of Reading Section, and the score of Speaking and Writing Section. Ideally the score sheet reaches you within a period of 2-4 weeks.
Your scores will be sent to four universities by ETS, which should be specified before the test. And the test score is valid up to a period of two years after the test has been attempted.
There are a huge number of training institutes and courses available to help in preparation for TOEFL . You can get enrolled in one of them. Also the ETS specifically provides test preparation material. This includes free sample question papers, practices tests, interactive skill building programs, detailed information and tips to crack the TOEFL, information to understand the test, its format and how to answer effectively, time management. This official material form the official source is the best for preparation. It is essential to understand the format wholly to avoid confusion on the test day and maximize scores.
TOEFL is an exam format that grants opportunity to students to study in an English speaking nation which include the much sort after destinations like USA, Canada, UK. Because it is flexible and open to all, and is accepted by the best universities across the globe, it has a huge enrollment.
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Exams are no fun! For most of us, they never have been. But what choice do we have? That's all we spend doing for a good deal of our student life. Truth is, as cumbersome as it may seem when you're in that student phase, it's only later in life that you will realize the worth of all these exams. After all, haven't we all heard what it means to have a degree? Don't get me wrong, being book smart isn't all that there is to life. Being street smart is just as essential if you're looking for survival in the real world. The bookish temperament just makes you slightly more aware. The GRE is merely one of those exams that takes you one step closer to that awareness as well as your degree.
Basic Overview of the GRE
The Graduate Record Exam (GRE), an online exam which can be taken all over the country, is offered to students all through the year. The reason this exam is an important one is because it is a prerequisite at a lot of graduate and professional schools when you are looking to apply to either one of them. As a matter of fact, even applying for a scholarship program can often mean a requirement of GRE scores. Bottom line, the GRE is an important test. Now comes the big question regarding how to study for the GRE. In order to figure out the best way to study for the GRE, you should begin by getting a slight idea regarding the GRE score scale. Once you have that figured out, everything else will seem a lot easier.
Tips on How to Prepare for the GRE
First off, are you completely aware of the format of the test? If not, here it is. The GRE is split in three sections to measure your skills. The first is analytical writing, the next is verbal reasoning, and the last is quantitative reasoning. The analytical section mainly evaluates you on abilities concerning your explanatory skills. Your essay must be clear enough to put forth your thoughts and ideas efficiently. The verbal reasoning section is mostly about comprehension skills. It checks your ability to analyze the given written material. Lastly, the quantitative reasoning section lays stress upon problem solving abilities pertaining to data analysis, algebra, geometry, and arithmetic. Now that you are conversant with the break up, we can move on to how to study for the GRE.
How to Study for the GRE Verbal Study like you're appearing for the exam at that very moment. The verbal section of this exam is further broken into Antonyms, Analogies, Sentence completion, and Reading comprehension. When studying for the antonyms, the first thing to bear in mind is that every word given could have more than one meaning, in which case you have to think of everything before jumping to mark an answer. E.g. A word like 'distant' could mean far apart, as well as reserved. Hence, it is of utmost importance that you fully understand the word as also the meaning of the options provided to you. A good technique though is to think of possible antonyms before you even look at the given choices. This is a surer way to achieve accuracy.
Following this section is the analogies. It could be said that this section requires a very logical mind. A good way to work around this section is by creating a common link between words given.
E.g. Triangle : Quadrilateral- Cone : Cube
- Rectangle : Octagon
- Pentagon : Hexagon
Since this is an easy example, what according to you should the right answer be? The right answer is pentagon : hexagon. Reason being, the sequence followed in the number of sides these figures have. Since a triangle has 3 and a quadrilateral has 4, it's only logical that the five and six sided figures should follow, especially since there is no real connection with the other options.
The next section to focus on is sentence completion. A great way to get through this section is by trying to fill in the blank with words that seem to fit the context, even before you've taken a look at the suggested options. If that doesn't seem like a helpful method for you to resort to, go ahead and look at the given choices, while mentally fixing each of them into the given sentence. The one that seems to fit the best should be your answer. However, if for some reason you do not understand the meaning of a particular word, try combinations of prefixes or suffixes that seem like they fit. Hopefully this will help you out.
Finally, you get to the reading comprehension section. For this section, make sure you read the given passage / extract well. Mark key words or important words. These will act as a good reference guide when answering questions. Also make sure you read the questions only after you've read the passage. If you think you haven't understood a certain question, skip it and get back to it later. Maybe answering other questions will give you hints for the one you are unsure about. Lastly, the most important part of this section is, not to assume! Do not base any answers on assumptions. All answers must be based on matter that is either clearly stated or implied in the given text.
Without a doubt, the verbal section is all about good vocabulary, so make sure you strengthen your vocabulary, if you've decided to give this exam a go.
How to Study for the GRE Math The math section in the GRE is split into Quantitative Comparisons, and the Standard Multiple Choice. When working on the multiple choice questions, make sure not to spend too much time on the initial questions. They are easy and do not require much time. Work quick so as to have more time for the tougher problems. Other useful tips and tricks are always a good idea. Use shortcuts when it comes to calculations. Detailed calculations aren't a necessity if you know shortcuts. As for the quantitative comparisons, it's quite like all that you learned in high school. The easy questions in this section are generally so easy that the answers will be apparent on a close look at the problem. Also, try not to spend time solving, instead lean to compare. It's less time consuming. Simplify both sides instead of comparing, and you'll get to the solution without much agony.
All said and done, make sure you spend at least two months while preparing for the GRE, and you'll sail through just fine. All you gotta do is, put in sincere effort. So study hard, and do well. Good luck for your GRE attempt!
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CliffsNotes GRE General Test Cram Plan: Make The Most Of The Time You Have LeftCliffs Notes | 2009 | ISBN: 0470465913 | 312 pages | PDF | 11,2 MB
Today′s most trusted study guide brand introduces a breakthrough new test–prep series As a direct outcome of recent market research, CliffsNotes is launching the Cram Plan series to answer the unmet needs of today′s "snippet–study” test–takers who need to cram for the SAT, ACT, GMAT, and GRE exams just weeks–or days–before the test. These students are extremely pressed for time and want study aids that are highly time–boxed.
Unlike any other test–prep product on the market, the Cram Plan series truly calendarizes a study plan for time–crunched test–takers according to their unique situation. The closer the test date approaches, the more granular the guidance and direction becomes. Each book contains a detailed calendar with tasks for each study–plan step; they include multiple checklists throughout. Plus, test–takers can take advantage of online tools such as searchable PDFs, calendar widgets, and e–mail reminders.
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